\n- [1] Fontani, M.; Costa, M.; Orna, V. (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table’s Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-938334-4.<\/li>\n
- [2] Ryabchikov, D. I.; Gol’braikh, E. K. (2013). The Analytical Chemistry of Thorium: International Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry. Elsevier. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4831-5659-0.<\/li>\n
- [3] Thomson, T. (1831). A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies. 1. Baldwin & Cradock and William Blackwood. p. 475.<\/li>\n
- [4] Berzelius, J. J. (1824). “Unders\u00f6kning af n\u00e5gra Mineralier. 1. Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord” [Examining some minerals. 1st phosphoric yttria.]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar (in Swedish). 2: 334\u2013338.<\/li>\n
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- [9] Berzelius, J. J. (1829). “Unders\u00f6kning af ett nytt mineral (Thorit), som inneh\u00e5ller en f\u00f6rut obekant jord” [Investigation of a new mineral (thorite), as contained in a previously unknown earth]. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar (in Swedish): 1\u201330.<\/li>\n
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- [15] Rhodes, R. (2012). The Making of the Atomic Bomb (25th Anniversary ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 221\u2013222, 349. ISBN 978-1-4516-7761-4.<\/li>\n
- [16] Stoll, W. (2005). “Thorium and Thorium Compounds”. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002\/14356007.a27_001. ISBN 978-3-527-31097-5.<\/li>\n
- [17] Oak Ridge Associated Universities (1999). “Thoriated Camera Lens (ca. 1970s)”. Retrieved 29 September 2017.<\/li>\n
- [18] Ronen, Y. (2006). “A rule for determining fissile isotopes”. Nuclear Science and Engineering. 152 (3): 334\u2013335. doi:10.13182\/nse06-a2588. ISSN 0029-5639.<\/li>\n
- [19] Ronen, Y. (2010). “Some remarks on the fissile isotopes”. Annals of Nuclear Energy. 37 (12): 1783\u20131784. doi:10.1016\/j.anucene.2010.07.006.<\/li>\n
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\u672c\u6587\u7248\u6743\u5c5e\u4e8e\u00a0Chem-Station\u5316\u5b66\u7a7a\u95f4<\/a>\uff0c<\/strong>\u00a0\u6b22\u8fce\u70b9\u51fb\u6309\u94ae\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u8c22\u7edd\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u6f02\u6cca \u948d\u662f\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u72ec\u5c45\u77f3\u4e2d\u3002\u948d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7528\u9014\u662f\u7528\u4e8e\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6838\u71c3\u6599\u3002\u6c27\u5316\u948d\u662f\u948d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5316\u5408\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u948d\u6c7d\u706f\u3001\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u3001\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u7279\u6b8a\u955c\u5934\u7b49\u7b49\u3002 \u948d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8d28 \u5206\u7c7b \u7b2c\u2162B\u65cf▪\u9515\u7cfb\u91d1\u5c5e \u539f\u5b50\u5e8f\u53f7\u30fb\u539f\u5b50\u91cf 90 (232.0381) \u7535\u5b50\u914d\u7f6e 6d27s2 \u5bc6\u5ea6 11.72 g\/cm3 \u7194\u70b9 1750 oC \u6cb8\u70b9 4790\u00a0oC \u8272\u30fb\u5f62\u72b6 \u94a2\u7070\u8272\u91d1\u5c5e \u534a\u8870\u671f 1.4\u00d71010\u5e74 \u53d1\u73b0\u8005 J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius \u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20 231Th, 232Th \u7528\u9014\u4f8b \u6838\u71c3\u6599\u3001\u6c7d\u706f\u3001\u50ac\u5316\u5242 \u524d\u540e\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u9515-\u948d-\u9564 \u948d\u7684\u53d1\u73b0 1815\u5e74\uff0c\u745e\u5178\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6765\u81ea\u745e\u5178\u4e2d\u90e8\u7684\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u9487\u571f\u6837\u672c\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u767d\u8272\u7684\u77ff\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5305\u542b\u672a\u77e5\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7a00\u571f\u3002\u4ed6\u57281817\u5e74\u5c06\u8be5\u5143\u7d20\u547d\u540d\u4e3aThorium\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5317\u6b27\u795e\u8bdd\u4e2d\u7684\u96f7\u795e\u3002\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6837\u54c1\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u64a4\u56de\u4e86\u5b83\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u78f7\u9178\u9487\u3002 1828\u5e74\uff0c\u632a\u5a01\u77ff\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6Morten Thrane Esmark\u5728L\u00f8v\u00f8ya\u5c9b\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9ed1\u8272\u77ff\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u8be5\u77ff\u7269\u6837\u54c1\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u4eb2Jens Esmark\uff0cRoyal Frederick University\u7684\u8457\u540d\u77ff\u7269\u548c\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u77ff\u7269\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4ed6\u5c06\u8be5\u6837\u54c1\u5bc4\u7ed9\u4e86J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius\u4f5c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4ed6\u53d1\u73b0\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5229\u7528\u91d1\u5c5e\u94be\u8fd8\u539f\uff0c\u4ed6\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5176\u4e0d\u7eaf\u7684\u5355\u8d28\uff08\u8be5\u77ff\u7269\u4e2d\u542b\u6709KThF5\uff09\u3002\u4e8e\u662fJ\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius\u7528\u4e4b\u524d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u7684\u540d\u5b57Thorium\u5bf9\u8be5\u65b0\u5143\u7d20\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u547d\u540d\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5bf9\u8be5\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5355\u8d28\u53ca\u5316\u5408\u7269\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u521d\u6b65\u8868\u5f81\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u6c27\u5316\u948d\u4e2d\u948d\u4e0e\u6c27\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u6bd4\u7ea6\u4e3a7.5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u503c\u7ea67.3\u76f8\u5dee\u5f88\u5c0f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\u948d\u662f\u4e8c\u4ef7\u7684\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u56db\u4ef7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u948d\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u539f\u5b50\u8d28\u91cf\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u503c\u7684\u4e00\u534a\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u948d\u662f\u7535\u6b63\u6027\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u3002 1914\u5e74\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u5546\u4ebaDirk Lely Jr. and Lodewijk Hamburger\u9996\u6b21\u5236\u5f97\u4e86\u7eaf\u51c0\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u948d\u3002[1-10] \u91d1\u5c5e\u948d 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Bassett\u5efa\u8bae\u5b89\u6392\u7b2c\u4e8c\u884c\u957f\u8868\u53bb\u5b89\u6392\u672a\u53d1\u73b0\u53ca\u672a\u5b89\u6392\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u948d\u53ca\u94c0\u7b49\u4e0e\u9567\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u6027\u8d28\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u30021913\u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u6ce2\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u539f\u5b50\u53ca\u5176\u7535\u5b50\u8f68\u9053\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u3002\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u8fc7\u6e21\u91d1\u5c5e\u5143\u7d20\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u884c\uff08\u9515\u7cfb\uff09\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u7535\u5b50\u586b\u6ee1d\u8f68\u9053\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u586bf\u8f68\u9053\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u94c0\u5143\u7d20\u949a\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u540c\u9567\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u4e00\u6837\u5177\u6709+3\u53ca+4\u7684\u6c27\u5316\u6001\uff0c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u4e86\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u7535\u5b50\u786e\u5b9e\u586b\u5145\u4e86f\u8f68\u9053\u800c\u4e0d\u662fd\u8f68\u9053\u30021945\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6Glenn T. Seaborg \u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u9545\u548c\u9514\uff0c\u4ed6\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u948d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u6709f\u7535\u5b50\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6392\u5728\u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u94ea\u7684\u540c\u7cfb\u7269\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u948d\u5728\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e0b\u6765\u3002[11-15] \u9515\u7cfb\u5143\u7d20 \u948d\u7684\u5e94\u7528 1885\u5e74\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6Carl Auer von Welsbach\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u948d\u6c7d\u706f\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u539f\u7406\u662f\u6c27\u5316\u948d\u5728\u5229\u7528\u6c7d\u6cb9\u52a0\u70ed\u65f6\u4f1a\u53d1\u51fa\u8000\u773c\u7684\u767d\u5149\u3002\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u948d\u4e5f\u88ab\u62d3\u5c55\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u78b3\u5f27\u706f\u3001\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff08\u6c28\u6c27\u5316\u53cd\u5e94\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002 1898\u5e74\uff0c\u948d\u9996\u6b21\u88ab\u5177\u6709\u653e\u5c04\u6027\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5316\u5b66\u5bb6Gerhard Carl Schmidt\u548c\u5c45\u91cc\u592b\u4eba\u5148\u540e\u72ec\u7acb\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u948d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u5177\u6709\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5362\u745f\u798f\u5219\u53d1\u73b0\u948d\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u8870\u53d8\u65f6\u4f1a\u653e\u51fa\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u6c14\u4f53\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6c21\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u7a00\u6709\u6c14\u4f53\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u948d\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u8870\u53d8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6c21\u8fdb\u884c\u653e\u5c04\u6cbb\u7597\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5374\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u767d\u8840\u75c5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u948d\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5371\u5bb3\uff0c\u5b83\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u66f4\u4e3a\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e86\u3002 \u948d\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4ece\u72ec\u5c45\u77f3\u4e2d\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u948d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u7f3a\u5c11\u94c0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5370\u5ea6\u5efa\u9020\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u948d\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u3002\u948d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6838\u7d20\u662f232Th\uff0c\u5f53232Th\u5728\u906d\u53d7\u6162\u4e2d\u5b50\u8f70\u51fb\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4e24\u6b21\u03b2\u8870\u53d8\u4ea7\u751f233U\uff0c233U\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e235U\u800c\u8a00\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53d1\u751f\u8870\u53d8\uff0c\u662f\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u71c3\u6599\uff0c\u5f53\u5b83\u53d1\u751f\u94fe\u5f0f\u53cd\u5e94\u65f6\uff0c\u53c8\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e2d\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2d\u5b50\u53c8\u4f1a\u8f70\u51fb232Th\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5faa\u73af\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u94c0\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u948d\u7684\u50a8\u91cf\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u80fd\u4f9b\u5e94\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u6c27\u5316\u94c0\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6c27\u5316\u948d\u6709\u7740\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u7194\u70b9\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u70ed\u81a8\u80c0\u7cfb\u6570\uff0c\u5316\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u4e5f\u66f4\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\uff08UO3\u52a0\u70ed\u65f6\u5bb9\u6613\u5206\u89e3\u4e3aU3O8\uff09\u3002 \u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u948d\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u5728\u5236\u9020\u767d\u70bd\u706f\u4e1d\u65f6\uff0c\u5411\u5f85\u70e7\u7ed3\u7684\u94a8\u7c89\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u6c27\u5316\u948d\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u94a8\u7684\u91cd\u7ed3\u6676\u3002\u948d\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5728\u94a8\u8868\u9762\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u5c42\u539f\u5b50\u7ea7\u7684\u8584\u5c42\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u53d1\u5c04\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u529f\u51fd\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u706f\u4e1d\u5728\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u51fa\u73b0\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u7535\u5b50\u7ba1\u3002\u5411\u73bb\u7483\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u6c27\u5316\u948d\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u5b83\u7684\u6298\u5c04\u7cfb\u6570\u5e76\u51cf\u5c0f\u6563\u5c04\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u73bb\u7483\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6444\u50cf\u673a\u53ca\u79d1\u5b66\u4eea\u5668\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u955c\u5934\u3002\u5c11\u91cf\u948d\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5371\u5bb3\u6027\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u52a0\u5165\u6c27\u5316\u948d\u7684\u955c\u5934\u4f1a\u663e\u73b0\u9ec4\u8272\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u66b4\u9732\u5728\u7d2b\u5916\u5149\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c27\u5316\u948d\u4f1a\u6162\u6162\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u7a00\u571f\u5143\u7d20\u6c27\u5316\u7269\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u9ec4\u8272\u4f1a\u892a\u53bb\u3002 [16-21] \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e [1] Fontani, M.; Costa, M.; Orna, V. (2014). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table’s Shadow Side. Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-938334-4. [2] Ryabchikov, D. I.; Gol’braikh, E. K. (2013). 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