\n- [1] Holden, Norman E. (2001). “A Short History of Nuclear Data and Its Evaluation”. 51st Meeting of the USDOE Cross Section Evaluation Working Group. Upton (NY): National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved January 3, 2009.<\/li>\n
- [2] Fermi, Enrico (December 12, 1938). “Artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment: Nobel Lecture”. Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.<\/li>\n
- [3] Darden, Lindley (1998). “The Nature of Scientific Inquiry”. College Park: Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland. Retrieved January 3, 2008.<\/li>\n
- [4] Bernstein, Jeremy (2007). Plutonium: a History of the World’s most Dangerous Element. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10296-4. OCLC 76481517.<\/li>\n
- [5] Seaborg, Glenn T. “An Early History of LBNL: Elements 93 and 94”. Advanced Computing for Science Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Retrieved September 17, 2008.<\/li>\n
- [6] Glenn T. Seaborg. “The plutonium story”. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California. LBL-13492, DE82 004551.<\/li>\n
- [7] Clark, Ronald (1961). The Birth of the Bomb: The Untold Story of Britain’s Part in the Weapon That Changed the World. London: Phoenix House. OCLC 824335.<\/li>\n
- [8] Emsley, John (2001). “Plutonium”. Nature’s Building Blocks: An A\u2013Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.<\/li>\n
- [9] Seaborg, G. T.; Seaborg, E. (2001). Adventures in the Atomic Age: From Watts to Washington. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-29991-9.<\/li>\n
- [10] “Frontline interview with Seaborg”. Frontline. Public Broadcasting Service. 1997. Retrieved December 7, 2008.<\/li>\n
- [11] Sublette, Carey (July 3, 2007). “8.1.1 The Design of Gadget, Fat Man, and “Joe 1″ (RDS-1)”. Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions, edition 2.18. The Nuclear Weapon Archive. Retrieved January 4, 2008.<\/li>\n
- [12] Malik, John (September 1985). “The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions” . Los Alamos. p. Table VI. LA-8819. Retrieved February 15, 2009.<\/li>\n
- [13] Martin, James E. (2000). Physics for Radiation Protection. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-35373-6.<\/li>\n
- [14] \u5f90\u92a4.\u00a0 \u6838\u7535\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u2014\u2014\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u589e\u6b96\u5806\u6838\u7535\u7ad9\uff0e\u300a\u6838\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u5de5\u7a0b\u300b\uff0c 1990<\/li>\n
- [15] \u8c22\u4ef2\u751f. \u300a\u6838\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u7269\u7406\u5206\u6790\u300b\u897f\u5b89\u4ea4\u901a\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2004.7<\/li>\n
- [16] “From heat sources to heart sources: Los Alamos made material for plutonium-powered pumper”. Actinide Research Quarterly. Los Alamos: Los Alamos National Laboratory (1). 2005. Retrieved February 15, 2009.<\/li>\n
- [17] “Why the Cassini Mission Cannot Use Solar Arrays” (PDF). NASA\/JPL. December 6, 1996. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2014.<\/li>\n
- [18] Mosher, Dave (September 19, 2013). “NASA’s Plutonium Problem Could End Deep-Space Exploration”. Wired. Retrieved February 5, 2015.<\/li>\n
- [19] Roark, Kevin N. (2000). “Criticality accidents report issued”. Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2008.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u672c\u6587\u7248\u6743\u5c5e\u4e8e\u00a0Chem-Station\u5316\u5b66\u7a7a\u95f4<\/a>\uff0c<\/strong>\u00a0\u6b22\u8fce\u70b9\u51fb\u6309\u94ae\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u8c22\u7edd\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u6f02\u6cca \u949a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5236\u9020\u6838\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u6599\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u589e\u6b96\u5806\u7684\u5fc5\u5907\u71c3\u6599\uff0c\u949a\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u70ed\u7535\u53d1\u7535\u673a\u7528\u4e8e\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u3002 \u949a\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8d28 \u5206\u7c7b \u7b2c\u2162B\u65cf▪\u9515\u7cfb\u91d1\u5c5e \u539f\u5b50\u5e8f\u53f7\u30fb\u539f\u5b50\u91cf 94 (239) \u7535\u5b50\u914d\u7f6e 5f67s2 \u5bc6\u5ea6 16.00-19.86 g\/cm3 \u7194\u70b9 640 oC \u6cb8\u70b9 3235\u00a0oC \u8272\u30fb\u5f62\u72b6 \u94f6\u767d\u8272\u91d1\u5c5e \u534a\u8870\u671f 8.26\u00d7107\u5e74\uff08244Pu\uff09\u3001373300\u5e74\uff08242Pu\uff09\u300124110\u5e74\uff08239Pu\uff09 \u53d1\u73b0\u8005 Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy, Arthur Wahl \u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20 238Pu,239Pu, 240Pu,242Pu, 244Pu \u7528\u9014\u4f8b \u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u3001\u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u589e\u6b96\u5806\u3001\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u70ed\u7535\u53d1\u7535\u673a \u524d\u540e\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u954e-\u949a-\u9545 \u949a\u7684\u53d1\u73b0 1934\u5e74\uff0cEnrico Fermi\u548c\u4e00\u7ec4\u7f57\u9a6c\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u8d77\u5ba3\u5e03\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8694\u53f7\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u5143\u7d20\u547d\u540d\u4e3aHesperium\uff0c\u5e76\u57281938\u5e74\u53c2\u52a0\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u9881\u5956\u5178\u793c\u6f14\u8bb2\u65f6\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u8be5\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6210\u679c\u5b9e\u9645\u662f\u94a1\u3001\u6c2a\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u7269\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u77e5\u6653\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002 1938\u5e74\uff0cOtto Hahn \u548c Fritz Strassmann\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u88c2\u53d8\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0cLise Meitner \u548c Otto Frisch\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u673a\u5236\u30021940\u5e7412\u670814\u65e5\uff0cGlenn T. Seaborg\u3001Edwin McMillan\u3001Joseph W. Kennedy\u548c Arthur Wahl\u5229\u7528\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u7684\u56de\u65cb\u52a0\u901f\u5668\u52a0\u901f\u6c18\u6838\u8f70\u51fb\u94c0\u9776\u5f97\u5230\u4e86238Np\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5927\u7ea6\u4e24\u5929\u7684\u03b2\u8870\u53d8\u540e\uff0c\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e86238Pu\u30021941\u5e742\u670823\u65e5\uff0c\u949a\u88ab\u786e\u8ba4\u4e3a94\u53f7\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u5361\u6587\u8fea\u8bb8\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u7684Egon Bretscher\u548cNorman Feather\u4e5f\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u9884\u6d4b\u6162\u4e2d\u5b50\u8f70\u51fb\u94c0\u7684\u526f\u4ea7\u7269\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u542b\u6709239Pu\u3002 \u8003\u8651\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u94c0\u5143\u7d20\u954e\u4ee5\u6d77\u738b\u661f\u4e4b\u540d\u547d\u540d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64Edwin McMillan\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ee5\u6d77\u738b\u661f\u4e4b\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\u884c\u661f\u51a5\u738b\u661f\uff08\u73b0\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u786e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u77ee\u884c\u661f\uff09\u6765\u547d\u540d\u3002Glenn T. Seaborg\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u547d\u540d\u4e3aPlutium\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u6539\u4e3aPlutonium\uff0c\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u597d\u542c\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8003\u8651\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u5982\u201cultimium\u201d\u53ca\u201cextremium\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002 [1-10] \u91d1\u5c5e\u949a \u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u201c\u80d6\u5b50\u201d \u9664\u4e86\u94c0\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u949a\u4e5f\u662f\u5236\u9020\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6750\u6599\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u957f\u5d0e\u6295\u4e0b\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\u201c\u80d6\u5b50\u201d\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u9897\u949a\u5f39\u3002\u949a\u5f39\u662f\u6307\u4f7f\u7528239Pu\u88c5\u6599\u7684\u539f\u5b50\u5f39\uff0c\u5176\u4e34\u754c\u8d28\u91cf\u66f4\u5c0f\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u4e3a13\u78c5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u949a\u5728\u88c2\u53d8\u65f6\u4f1a\u591a\u91ca\u653e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5b50\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u94fe\u5f0f\u53cd\u5e94\u6269\u5f20\u66f4\u5feb\u3002\u949a\u5f39\u91cc\u5b58\u5728\u6742\u8d28240Pu\u4f1a\u4f7f\u949a\u5f39\u8fc7\u65e9\u5f15\u7206\u6838\u5f39\uff0c\u5728\u591a\u6570\u80fd\u91cf\u91ca\u653e\u524d\u7ec8\u6b62\u94fe\u5f0f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u91c7\u7528\u5185\u7206\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5b9e\u73b0\u5185\u7206\u662f\u6781\u7aef\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u3002\u5185\u7206\u5fc5\u987b\u975e\u5e38\u7cbe\u786e\uff0c\u6240\u7528\u7684\u70c8\u6027\u70b8\u836f\u5fc5\u987b\u6781\u5176\u5747\u5300\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u5728\u949a\u58f3\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u8fb9\u90fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u800c\u4e14\u5747\u5300\u5730\u5f15\u7206\u3002\u90a3\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7206\u70b8\u5f80\u5f80\u5728\u4e2a\u522b\u70b9\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u58f3\u5c42\u8868\u9762\u6269\u5c55\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u5c55\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e13\u95e8\u6280\u672f\u5c06\u70b9\u7206\u70b8\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5185\u7206\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7206\u70b8\u900f\u955c\u3002\u70c8\u6027\u70b8\u836f\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u70b9\u5f15\u7206\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u805a\u7126\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5747\u5300\u8986\u76d6\u6574\u4e2a\u949a\u58f3\u8868\u9762\u3002 239Pu\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u94c0\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u5728\u53cd\u5e94\u5806\u5185\uff0c238U\u5438\u6536\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5b50\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d1\u751f\u88c2\u53d8\u800c\u53d8\u6210239U\uff0c239U\u8870\u53d8\u6210239Np\uff0c239Np\u8870\u53d8\u6210239Pu\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u949a\u4e0e\u94c0\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u867d\u7136\u53ea\u6709\u5f88\u5c11\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u94c0\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u949a\uff0c\u4f46\u949a\u4e0e\u94c0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u94c0\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u6765\u5374\u8981\u5bb9\u6613\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b9\u4fbf\u5730\u7528\u5316\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u63d0\u7eaf\u949a\u3002 [11-13] \u5feb\u4e2d\u5b50\u589e\u6b96 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