\n- [1] Ghiorso, Albert (2003). “Einsteinium and Fermium”. Chemical and Engineering News. 81 (36): 174\u2013175. doi:10.1021\/cen-v081n036.p174.<\/li>\n
- [2] Seaborg, G.T., ed. (23 January 1978). Proceedings of the Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Elements 99 and 100. Report LBL-7701.<\/li>\n
- [3] John Emsley Nature’s building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-850340-7 pp. 133\u2013135<\/li>\n
- [4] Hammond C. R. “The elements” in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.<\/li>\n
- [5] Ghiorso, A.; Thompson, S.; Higgins, G.; Seaborg, G.; Studier, M.; Fields, P.; Fried, S.; Diamond, H.; Mech, J.; Pyle, G.; Huizenga, J.; Hirsch, A.; Manning, W.; Browne, C.; Smith, H.; Spence, R. (1955). “New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 and 100”. Phys. Rev. 99 (3): 1048\u20131049. Bibcode:1955PhRv…99.1048G. doi:10.1103\/PhysRev.99.1048. Google Books<\/li>\n
- [6] Haire, Richard G. (2006). “Einsteinium”. In Morss, Lester R.; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements. 3 (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. pp. 1577\u20131620. doi:10.1007\/1-4020-3598-5_12. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. Archived from the original on 2010-07-17.<\/li>\n
- [7] Hall, Nina (2000). The new chemistry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9\u201311. ISBN 978-0-521-45224-3.<\/li>\n
- [8] Haire, R. G. & Eyring, L. (1994). “Lanthanides and Actinides Chemistry”. In K.A. Gscheidner, Jr.; et al. (eds.). Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths. 18. North-Holland, New York. pp. 414\u2013505. ISBN 978-0-444-81724-2.<\/li>\n
- [9] “Albert Einstein \u2013 Biography”. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2007.<\/li>\n
- [10] Howard, Don A., ed. (2014) [First published 11 February 2004]. “Einstein’s Philosophy of Science”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University. Retrieved 4 February 2015.<\/li>\n
- [11] Bodanis, David (2000). E = mc2: A Biography of the World’s Most Famous Equation. New York: Walker.<\/li>\n
- [12] Overbye, Dennis (24 November 2015). “A Century Ago, Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Changed Everything”. The New York Times. Retrieved 24 November 2015.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\u672c\u6587\u7248\u6743\u5c5e\u4e8e\u00a0Chem-Station\u5316\u5b66\u7a7a\u95f4<\/a>\uff0c<\/strong>\u00a0\u6b22\u8fce\u70b9\u51fb\u6309\u94ae\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u8c22\u7edd\u8f6c\u8f7d\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u6f02\u6cca \u953f\u662f\u5728\u6c22\u5f39\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u6b8b\u7559\u7269\u4e2d\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u80fd\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u53d1\u51fa\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u8f90\u5c04\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff5\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff0c99\u53f7\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3aEinsteinium\uff08\u953f\uff09\u3002 \u953f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7269\u7406\u6027\u8d28 \u5206\u7c7b \u7b2c\u2162B\u65cf▪\u9515\u7cfb\u91d1\u5c5e \u539f\u5b50\u5e8f\u53f7\u30fb\u539f\u5b50\u91cf 99 (252) \u7535\u5b50\u914d\u7f6e 5f117s2 \u5bc6\u5ea6 8.84 g\/cm3 \u7194\u70b9 860 oC \u8272\u30fb\u5f62\u72b6 \u94f6\u767d\u8272\u91d1\u5c5e \u534a\u8870\u671f 20\u79d2-400\u5929 \u53d1\u73b0\u8005 Albert Ghiorso \u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20 252Es, 253Es \u7528\u9014\u4f8b \u6682\u65e0 \u524d\u540e\u7684\u5143\u7d20 \u950e-\u953f-\u9544 \u953f\u7684\u53d1\u73b0 1952\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u6d0bEnewetak\u73af\u7901\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4ee3\u53f7\u201c\u5e38\u6625\u85e4\u9ea6\u514b\u201d\u6c22\u5f39\u7206\u70b8\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u6b8b\u4f59\u7269\u4e2d\uff0cAlbert Ghiorso \u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u7206\u70b8\u6b8b\u4f59\u7269\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u9274\u5b9a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u949a\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u540c\u4f4d\u7d20244Pu\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u662f238U\u5438\u6536\u4e866\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5b50\uff0c\u5728\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\u03b2\u8870\u53d8\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u591a\u91cd\u4e2d\u5b50\u5438\u6536\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u6765\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f244Pu\u7684\u53d1\u73b0\u4f7f\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8ba4\u4e3a\u94c0\u6838\u5438\u6536\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4e2d\u5b50\u5f62\u6210\u6bd4\u950e\u66f4\u91cd\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002Albert Ghiorso \u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u91c7\u96c6\u4e86\u7206\u70b8\u4e91\u5c18\u57c3\u7684\u6ee4\u7eb8\u4e0a\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u3002\u5229\u7528\u79bb\u5b50\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7565\u5c11\u4e8e200\u4e2a\u768499\u53f7\u5143\u7d20\u539f\u5b50\u5728\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u53d1\u73b0\u3002\u5b83\u7531\u94c0\u6838\u5438\u653615\u4e2a\u4e2d\u5b50\uff0c\u518d\u53d1\u751f\u4e03\u6b21\u03b2\u8870\u53d8\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u6c22\u5f39\u7206\u70b8\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5b50\u6d41\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4e86\u5176\u5728\u8870\u53d8\u4e3a\u66f4\u8f7b\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5438\u6536\u8db3\u591f\u4e2d\u5b50\u5f62\u621099\u53f7\u5143\u7d20\u539f\u5b50\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff520\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u5728\u539f\u5b50\u548c\u539f\u5b50\u6838\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u4f5c\u51fa\u5353\u8d8a\u8d21\u732e\u7684\u8457\u540d\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u7b2c99\u53f7\u5143\u7d20\u88ab\u547d\u540d\u4e3aEinsteinium\uff08\u953f\uff09\u3002 [1-5] \u953f\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4e0e\u5408\u6210 \u953f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u67d4\u8f6f\u7684\u94f6\u767d\u8272\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u987a\u78c1\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u67d4\u8f6f\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u5176\u4f53\u79ef\u6a21\u91cf\u53ea\u670915 GPa\u3002\u953f\u5bb9\u6613\u5f62\u6210+3\u6c27\u5316\u6001\u3002253Es\u7684\u9ad8\u653e\u5c04\u6027\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u5f88\u660e\u663e\u5730\u53d1\u5149\uff0c\u5e76\u91ca\u653e\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\u3002\u7531\u4e8e253Es\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u635f\u59313%\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u6b21\u8870\u53d8\u4e3a\u952b\u548c\u950e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u953f\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u953f\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u79cd\u66fe\u5728\u5b8f\u89c2\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u4ee5\u7eaf\u5143\u7d20\u5f62\u6001\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002 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LiF\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u953f\u7194\u70b9\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5176\u8f90\u5c04\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8fc5\u901f\u7834\u574f\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u953f\u7684\u84b8\u6c14\u538b\u6bd4\u6c1f\u5316\u9502\u8fd8\u8981\u9ad8\u3002\u8fd9\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8fd9\u6761\u53cd\u5e94\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5236\u5907\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u66fe\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7528\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u8f6c\u7528\u9567\u6765\u8fd8\u539f\u4e09\u6c27\u5316\u4e8c\u953f\u6765\u5236\u5907\u953f\uff1aEs2O3 + La \u2192 2 Es + La2O3\u3002 [6-8] \u53d1\u5149\u7684\u953f \u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff08Albert Einstein\uff09 \u963f\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff08Albert Einstein\uff09\uff0c\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u72b9\u592a\u88d4\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u30021905\u5e74\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u83b7\u82cf\u9ece\u4e16\u5927\u5b66\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u5149\u5b50\u5047\u8bbe\u3001\u6210\u529f\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5149\u7535\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u83b7\u5f971921\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7269\u7406\u5956\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u8bba\u52a8\u4f53\u7684\u7535\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u76f8\u5bf9\u6027\u539f\u7406\u548c\u5149\u901f\u4e0d\u53d8\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u72ed\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8d28\u80fd\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f\uff1aE=mc2\uff0c\u4e3a\u6838\u80fd\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u30021915\u5e74\u4ed6\u53c8\u521b\u7acb\u5e7f\u4e49\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u8bba\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u4ece\u903b\u8f91\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u7ecf\u5178\u7269\u7406\u5b66\uff0c\u5b83\u4e25\u683c\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u548c\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u89c2\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u89c2\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u6210\u4e3a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002 \u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u53cd\u6218\u6597\u58eb\uff0c\u4e3a\u5e2e\u52a9\u5bf9\u6297\u7eb3\u7cb9\uff0c1939\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728\u5229\u5965\u00b7\u897f\u62c9\u5fb7\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\u66fe\u81f4\u4fe1\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5bcc\u5170\u514b\u6797\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u66fc\u54c8\u987f\u5212\u7684\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u4ed6\u79ef\u6781\u5021\u5bfc\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528\u6838\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u5e76\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u300a\u7f57\u7d20\u2014\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u3002 \u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66\u6280\u672f\u65b0\u7eaa\u5143\uff0c\u88ab\u516c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u7ee7\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u4e4b\u540e\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u7ef4\u683c\u7eb3\u66fe\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u6709\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u7684\u5e87\u836b\u4e4b\u4e0b…\u201d\u3002[9-12] \u00a0 \u00a0 Albert Einstein \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e [1] Ghiorso, Albert (2003). “Einsteinium and Fermium”. Chemical and Engineering News. 81 (36): 174\u2013175. doi:10.1021\/cen-v081n036.p174. [2] Seaborg, G.T., ed. (23 January 1978). Proceedings of the Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Elements 99 and 100. 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