{"id":50902,"date":"2024-08-14T08:34:29","date_gmt":"2024-08-14T00:34:29","guid":{"rendered":"\/\/www.gsbet888.com\/?p=50902"},"modified":"2024-09-24T15:38:22","modified_gmt":"2024-09-24T07:38:22","slug":"%e3%80%8cspotlight-research%e3%80%8d%e6%96%b0%e5%9e%8bo-phenylene-bisurea-opbu%e5%82%ac%e5%8c%96%e5%89%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"\/\/www.gsbet888.com\/%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%a6%e6%9d%82%e8%ae%b0\/recentpaper\/%e7%83%ad%e7%82%b9%e7%a0%94%e7%a9%b6\/2024\/08\/%e3%80%8cspotlight-research%e3%80%8d%e6%96%b0%e5%9e%8bo-phenylene-bisurea-opbu%e5%82%ac%e5%8c%96%e5%89%82.html","title":{"rendered":"\u300cSpotlight Research\u300d\u65b0\u578bO-Phenylene Bisurea (OPBU)\u50ac\u5316\u5242"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u77f3\u6cb9\u919a<\/p>\n

\u672c\u671f\u70ed\u70b9\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9080\u8bf7\u5230\u4e86\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u52a0\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f20\u5609\u535a\u58eb\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u4eab\u3002<\/p>\n

2024\u5e748\u67085\u65e5\uff0cJ. Am. Chem. Soc.<\/em>\u5728\u7ebf\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684Robert M. Waymouth\u6559\u6388\u56e2\u961f\u9898\u4e3a\u300cHighly Selective\u00a0O<\/em>-Phenylene Bisurea Catalysts for ROP: Stabilization of Oxyanion Transition State by a Semiflexible Hydrogen Bond Pocket\u300d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u7684O-Phenylene Bisurea (OPBU)\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u73af\u72b6\u5f00\u94fe\u805a\u5408\uff08ROP\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc5\u901f\u3001\u53ef\u8c03\u6027\u5f3a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u4f18\u5f02\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff08\u5982\u786b\u8132\u3001\u5c3f\u7d20\u548cTBD\uff09\u9ad8\u51fa8\u5230120\u500d\u3002OPBU\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u80fd\u5728\u51e0\u79d2\u5230\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u5185\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d85\u8fc795%\u7684\u9ad8\u8f6c\u5316\u7387\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5206\u5b50\u91cf\u7cbe\u51c6\u4e14\u5206\u6563\u5ea6\u6781\u4f4e\u7684\u805a\u5408\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

\u201cHighly Selective\u00a0O<\/em>-Phenylene Bisurea Catalysts for ROP: Stabilization of Oxyanion Transition State by a Semiflexible Hydrogen Bond Pocket<\/p>\n

Jia Zhang, Kai Hin Lui, Rachele Zunino, Yuan Jia, Romain Morodo, Niklas Warlin, James L. Hedrick, Giovanni Talarico, Robert M. Waymouth*<\/p>\n

J. Am. Chem. Soc.\u00a0<\/em>2024, <\/strong>ASAP, doi: 10.1021\/jacs.4c04740<\/a>\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Q1. <\/strong>\u8bf7\u5bf9\u201c<\/strong>Highly Selective\u00a0O<\/em>-Phenylene Bisurea Catalysts for ROP: Stabilization of Oxyanion Transition State by a Semiflexible Hydrogen Bond Pocket\u201d<\/strong>\u4f5c<\/strong>\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u7684O-Phenylene Bisurea (OPBU)\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u73af\u72b6\u5f00\u94fe\u805a\u5408\uff08ROP\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc5\u901f\u3001\u53ef\u8c03\u6027\u5f3a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u4f18\u5f02\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff08\u5982\u786b\u8132\u3001\u5c3f\u7d20\u548cTBD\uff09\u9ad8\u51fa8\u5230120\u500d\u3002OPBU\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u80fd\u5728\u51e0\u79d2\u5230\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u5185\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d85\u8fc795%\u7684\u9ad8\u8f6c\u5316\u7387\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5206\u5b50\u91cf\u7cbe\u51c6\u4e14\u5206\u6563\u5ea6\u6781\u4f4e\u7684\u805a\u5408\u7269\u3002\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6cdb\u51fd\u7406\u8bba\uff08DFT\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u9176\u50ac\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6c27\u8d1f\u79bb\u5b50\u5b54\u6d1e\u201d\u7684\u6c22\u952e\u53e3\u888b\u7a33\u5b9a\u6c27\u8d1f\u79bb\u5b50\u8fc7\u6e21\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u578b\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u5728\u6709\u673a\u50ac\u5316\u9886\u57df\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5176\u4f18\u8d8a\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u53ef\u8c03\u6027\u4e3a\u63a7\u5236\u805a\u5408\u7269\u5408\u6210\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

In this study, we introduced a new type of O-Phenylene Bisurea (OPBU) catalyst for ring-opening polymerization (ROP). This catalyst is not only fast and easily tunable but also exhibits exceptional selectivity, outperforming traditional catalysts (such as thiourea, urea, and TBD) by 8 to 120 times. OPBU catalysts enable ROP of various monomers, achieving over 95% conversion in seconds to minutes, producing polymers with precise molecular weights and very low dispersity (\u0110 \u2248 1.01). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the catalysts stabilize the oxyanion transition state via a hydrogen bond pocket similar to the “oxyanion hole” in enzymatic catalysis. These new insights provide a new class of organic catalysts with excellent performance and tunability, opening up new opportunities for controlled polymer synthesis.<\/p>\n

Q2. <\/strong>\u6709\u5173\u672c\u6b21\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u9047\u5230\u8fc7\u600e\u6837\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u5462\uff1f\u53c8\u662f\u600e\u6837\u514b\u670d\u7684\u5462<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u5728\u8fd9\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9047\u5230\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5bf9\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u5b9a\u91cf\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u4ee5\u5f80\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u65b0\u578bROP\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u901a\u5e38\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56GPC\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8eGPC\u7684\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0d\u540c\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u4f30\u7b97\u94fe\u589e\u957f\u4e0e\u94fe\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u4e4b\u524d\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5173\u4e8eDFT\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u4e34\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u53cd\u5e94\u7269\u590d\u5408\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u591a\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6784\u8c61\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8ba1\u7b97\u53d8\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u4f19\u4f34Rachele Zunino\uff08\u5171\u540c\u4e00\u4f5c\uff09\u975e\u5e38\u51fa\u8272\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5408\u7406\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

We encountered two main difficulties in this research. First was developing a quantitative measurement of the selectivity parameter. Previously, new selective ROP catalysts reported in the literature usually relied solely on GPC results, which are not precise enough for good comparison between different catalysts. To address this, we designed kinetic experiments to provide a more accurate estimation of the selectivity ratio of chain growth versus chain transfer, allowing us to make fair comparisons among many previous catalysts.<\/p>\n

Second, regarding DFT calculations, we faced challenges due to the many different conformations that reactant complexes can access, making the computations very complex. Although I am not an expert in this area, our collaborator Rachele Zunino brilliantly tackled this issue and was able to demonstrate a reasonable reaction mechanism.<\/p>\n

Q3. <\/strong>\u672c\u6b21\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u8ba9\u60a8\u611f\u89c9\u7279\u522b\u8f9b\u82e6\u548c\u70e7\u8111\u5462\uff1f<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5356\u70b9\u80af\u5b9a\u662f\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c \u4f46\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6700\u8017\u65f6\u4e14\u6311\u6218\u6027\u6700\u5927\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u6536\u96c6\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u6570\u636e\u548cpKa\u6d4b\u91cf\u3002\u6211\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bfe\u9898\u524d\u540e\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e00\u767e\u6b21\u52a8\u529b\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\uff0c\u6253\u4e86\u8fd1\u5343\u6b21\u6838\u78c1\u8c31\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5bf9\u5efa\u7acb\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u53cd\u5e94\u673a\u7406\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cpKa\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d4b\u91cf\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6781\u4f4e\u6d53\u5ea6\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6c34\u5206\u542b\u91cf\u5fc5\u987b\u63a7\u5236\u5728\u6781\u4f4e\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7e41\u7410\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u786e\u5b9e\u8ba9\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u5403\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

The most time-consuming and overwhelming aspects were gathering reliable kinetic data and pKa measurements. To ensure accurate data, I probably conducted over a hundred kinetic experiments and nearly a thousand NMR runs. These experiments were crucial for establishing relationships and understanding the reaction mechanisms. Additionally, pKa measurements for a library of compounds were challenging due to the need for measurements at very low concentrations and maintaining an exceptionally low level of water\/oxygen content to avoid inaccuracies. These tasks were indeed quite laborious and mentally demanding.<\/p>\n

Q4. <\/strong>\u5c06\u6765\u60f3\u7ee7\u7eed\u7814\u7a76\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u54ea\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u5462\uff1f<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u6211\u6700\u8fd1\u521a\u521a\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u5bb6\u6d82\u6599\u516c\u53f8\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c06\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5f00\u53d1\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u4e14\u73af\u4fdd\u7684\u6d82\u6599\u4e0a\u3002\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5f00\u53d1\u65b0\u7684\u6d82\u6599\u914d\u65b9\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u51cf\u5c11\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

I recently graduated and have started a position at a coatings company. In the future, my research will focus on developing high-performance and eco-friendly coatings. I aim to improve product performance while reducing environmental impact through the development of new coating formulations.<\/p>\n

Q5. <\/strong>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u60f3\u5bf9\u5404\u4f4d\u8bfb\u8005\u8bf4\u7684\u5417\uff1f<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u591f\u6fc0\u53d1\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u5316\u5b66\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u56e2\u961f\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u8981\u7279\u522b\u611f\u8c22\u6211\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u6210\u5458,\u5c24\u5176\u662fKai Hin Lui\u548cRachele Zunino\u7684\u9f0e\u529b\u76f8\u52a9\u3002\u5e0c\u671b\u5927\u5bb6\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5173\u6ce8\u548c\u652f\u6301\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3002\u4e5f\u795d\u613f\u5927\u5bb6\u79d1\u7814\u987a\u5229\uff0c\u591a\u53d1\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n

I hope our research inspires more scientists to explore catalyst design and functional chemistry. Scientific research is a collaborative effort, and I am especially grateful to my team members and funding agencies for their support. I look forward to continued attention and support for our research results.<\/p>\n

\u8bba\u6587\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f5c\u8005\u7b80\u4ecb<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u6559\u80b2\u80cc\u666f\uff1a<\/strong><\/h4>\n
    \n
  • 2014- 2018 Carleton College \u5316\u5b66\u5b66\u58eb\u00a0(advisor: Matthew Whited)<\/li>\n
  • 2019-2024 Stanford University \u5316\u5b66\u535a\u58eb (advisor: Robert Waymouth)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u672c\u6587\u7248\u6743\u5c5e\u4e8e Chem-Station\u5316\u5b66\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c \u6b22\u8fce\u70b9\u51fb\u6309\u94ae\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u672a\u7ecf\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u8c22\u7edd\u8f6c\u8f7d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u77f3\u6cb9\u919a \u672c\u671f\u70ed\u70b9\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9080\u8bf7\u5230\u4e86\u672c\u6587\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u52a0\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u5f20\u5609\u535a\u58eb\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5206\u4eab\u3002 2024\u5e748\u67085\u65e5\uff0cJ. Am. Chem. Soc.\u5728\u7ebf\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u6765\u81ea\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684Robert M. Waymouth\u6559\u6388\u56e2\u961f\u9898\u4e3a\u300cHighly Selective\u00a0O-Phenylene Bisurea Catalysts for ROP: Stabilization of Oxyanion Transition State by a Semiflexible Hydrogen Bond Pocket\u300d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u7684O-Phenylene Bisurea (OPBU)\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u73af\u72b6\u5f00\u94fe\u805a\u5408\uff08ROP\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc5\u901f\u3001\u53ef\u8c03\u6027\u5f3a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u4f18\u5f02\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff08\u5982\u786b\u8132\u3001\u5c3f\u7d20\u548cTBD\uff09\u9ad8\u51fa8\u5230120\u500d\u3002OPBU\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u80fd\u5728\u51e0\u79d2\u5230\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u5185\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d85\u8fc795%\u7684\u9ad8\u8f6c\u5316\u7387\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5206\u5b50\u91cf\u7cbe\u51c6\u4e14\u5206\u6563\u5ea6\u6781\u4f4e\u7684\u805a\u5408\u7269\u3002 \u201cHighly Selective\u00a0O-Phenylene Bisurea Catalysts for ROP: Stabilization of Oxyanion Transition State by a Semiflexible Hydrogen Bond Pocket Jia Zhang, Kai Hin Lui, Rachele Zunino, Yuan Jia, Romain Morodo, Niklas Warlin, James L. Hedrick, Giovanni Talarico, Robert M. Waymouth* J. Am. Chem. Soc.\u00a02024, ASAP, doi: 10.1021\/jacs.4c04740\u201d Q1. \u8bf7\u5bf9\u201cHighly Selective\u00a0O-Phenylene Bisurea Catalysts for ROP: Stabilization of Oxyanion Transition State by a Semiflexible Hydrogen Bond Pocket\u201d\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u4ecb\u7ecd\u3002 \u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u7684O-Phenylene Bisurea (OPBU)\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u73af\u72b6\u5f00\u94fe\u805a\u5408\uff08ROP\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc5\u901f\u3001\u53ef\u8c03\u6027\u5f3a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u4f18\u5f02\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f20\u7edf\u50ac\u5316\u5242\uff08\u5982\u786b\u8132\u3001\u5c3f\u7d20\u548cTBD\uff09\u9ad8\u51fa8\u5230120\u500d\u3002OPBU\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u80fd\u5728\u51e0\u79d2\u5230\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u5185\u5b9e\u73b0\u8d85\u8fc795%\u7684\u9ad8\u8f6c\u5316\u7387\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u5206\u5b50\u91cf\u7cbe\u51c6\u4e14\u5206\u6563\u5ea6\u6781\u4f4e\u7684\u805a\u5408\u7269\u3002\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6cdb\u51fd\u7406\u8bba\uff08DFT\uff09\u8ba1\u7b97\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u9176\u50ac\u5316\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u6c27\u8d1f\u79bb\u5b50\u5b54\u6d1e\u201d\u7684\u6c22\u952e\u53e3\u888b\u7a33\u5b9a\u6c27\u8d1f\u79bb\u5b50\u8fc7\u6e21\u6001\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u578b\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u5728\u6709\u673a\u50ac\u5316\u9886\u57df\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5176\u4f18\u8d8a\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u53ef\u8c03\u6027\u4e3a\u63a7\u5236\u805a\u5408\u7269\u5408\u6210\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002 In this study, we introduced a new type of O-Phenylene Bisurea (OPBU) catalyst for ring-opening polymerization (ROP). 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